sejarah

Sejarah

Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. Basket adalah salah satu dari sedikit olahraga dengan diketahui tanggal lahir. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Pada 1 Desember 1891, di Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith tergantung dua setengah gantang persik keranjang pada ujung yang berlawanan gimnasium dan keluar 13 aturan berlapis berdasarkan lima prinsip kepada murid-muridnya di Sekolah Pelatihan Internasional Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), yang kemudian menjadi Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. Naismith (1861-1939) adalah seorang guru pendidikan jasmani yang sedang mencari sebuah tim olahraga dengan kontak fisik terbatas tapi banyak berlari, melompat, menembak, dan koordinasi tangan-mata diperlukan dalam menangani sebuah bola. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. Keranjang persik ia menggantung sebagai tujuan memberikan nama olahraga bola basket. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. Murid-muridnya bersemangat tentang permainan, dan liburan Natal memberi mereka kesempatan untuk memberitahu teman-teman mereka dan orang-orang di YMCAs lokal mereka tentang permainan. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Pemimpin asosiasi menulis kepada Naismith meminta salinan aturan, dan mereka diterbitkan di Triangle, koran sekolah, pada Januari 15,1892.

Naismith's five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as "large, light, and handled with the hands." Naismith lima prinsip dasar pusat pada bola, yang digambarkan sebagai "besar, cahaya, dan ditangani dengan tangan." Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. Pemain tidak bisa menggerakkan bola dengan menjalankan sendiri, dan tidak ada pemain dibatasi terhadap memegang bola. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. Arena bermain ini juga terbuka untuk semua pemain, tapi tidak ada kontak fisik antara pemain; bola adalah objektif. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. Untuk skor, bola harus ditembak melalui horisontal, tujuan ditinggikan. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Tim dengan poin terbanyak pada akhir suatu periode waktu yang diberikan menang.

Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. Awal dalam sejarah bola basket, YMCAs setempat menyediakan gimnasium, dan keanggotaan dalam organisasi tumbuh dengan cepat. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. Ukuran olahraga lokal ditentukan jumlah pemain; lebih kecil digunakan gyms lima pemain di samping, dan yang lebih besar diperbolehkan gyms tujuh sampai sembilan. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. Ukuran tim menjadi umumnya didirikan sebagai lima pada tahun 1895, dan, pada 1897, ini dibuat dalam aturan formal. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA kehilangan minat dalam mendukung permainan karena pemain basket dimonopoli 10-20 gimnasium sebelumnya digunakan oleh banyak lagi dalam berbagai kegiatan. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. YMCA keanggotaan menjatuhkan, dan penggemar bola basket dimainkan di aula setempat. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Hal ini menyebabkan pembangunan gimnasium basket di sekolah dan perguruan tinggi dan juga untuk pembentukan liga profesional.

Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith's original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. Meskipun basket lahir di Amerika Serikat, lima dari Naismith pemain asli Kanada, dan permainan segera menyebar ke Kanada. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. Itu dimainkan di Prancis oleh 1893; Inggris pada tahun 1894; Australia, Cina, dan India antara 1895 dan 1900; dan Jepang pada tahun 1900.

From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. Dari 1891 sampai 1893, bola sepak digunakan untuk bermain basket. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. Basket pertama diproduksi pada tahun 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. Itu 32 dalam (81 cm) di lingkar, atau sekitar 4 dalam (10 cm) lebih besar dari bola sepak. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). Basket yang berdedikasi dicampur terbuat dari kulit dan beratnya kurang dari 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. Pertama dibentuk bola yang menghilangkan kebutuhan tali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1948; konstruksi dan ukuran 30 pada (76 cm) diperintah resmi pada tahun 1949.

The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Aturan-setter datang dari beberapa kelompok di awal 1900-an. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. Akademi dan universitas didirikan komite peraturan mereka pada tahun 1905, YMCA dan Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) menciptakan seperangkat aturan bersama, kelompok-kelompok milisi negara mematuhi bersama seperangkat aturan, dan ada dua perangkat peraturan profesional. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU , and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. Sebuah Komite Peraturan Bersama perguruan tinggi, AAU, dan YMCA diciptakan pada tahun 1915, dan, dengan nama Komite Bola Basket Nasional (NBC) membuat aturan untuk amatir bermain sampai 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over women's basketball. Pada tahun itu, National Federation of State High School Associations mulai mengatur olahraga di tingkat sekolah tinggi, dan NCAA Komite Aturan-aturan diasumsikan tanggung jawab untuk membuat junior college, perguruan tinggi, dan Angkatan Bersenjata, dengan panitia yang sama memegang yurisdiksi atas perempuan basket.

Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. Sampai Perang Dunia II, basket menjadi semakin populer di Amerika Serikat terutama di sekolah menengah dan tingkat perguruan tinggi. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. Setelah Perang Dunia II, popularitasnya tumbuh di seluruh dunia. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Tahun 1980-an, minat dalam permainan benar-benar meledak karena eksposur televisi. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Siaran NCAA Championship Games dimulai pada tahun 1963, dan, pada 1980-an, televisi kabel membawa musim reguler permainan dan bahkan perguruan tinggi sekolah tinggi kejuaraan di beberapa negara. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. Pemain seperti Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, dan Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) menjadi terkenal secara nasional di tingkat perguruan tinggi dan membawa penggemar mereka sepanjang dalam karier basket profesional mereka. The women's game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the men's game. Permainan wanita berubah secara radikal pada tahun 1971 ketika aturan yang terpisah bagi perempuan yang dimodifikasi untuk lebih dekat mirip dengan permainan laki-laki. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Minat televisi mengikuti perempuan juga dengan siaran tourneys kejuaraan NCAA dimulai pada awal 1980-an dan pembentukan WNBA pada tahun 1997.

Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. Internasional, Italia mungkin telah menjadi bangsa basket terkemuka di luar Amerika Serikat, dengan nasional, perusahaan, dan tim profesional. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women's game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Meningkatkan basket Olimpiade internasional dan juga mendorong perempuan permainan dengan mengakui itu sebagai peristiwa Olimpiade pada tahun 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. Sekali lagi, liputan televisi Olimpiade telah sangat penting dalam menarik perhatian tim internasional.

The first professional men's basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Profesional pertama liga bola basket pria di Amerika Serikat adalah National Basketball League (NBL), yang berjaya pada 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. Pemain itu dibayar berdasarkan per-dasar permainan, dan liga ini dan yang lainnya terluka oleh buruknya kualitas permainan dan yang selalu berubah pemain dalam sebuah tim. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. Setelah Depresi Besar, baru NBL diselenggarakan pada tahun 1937, dan Basketball Association of America diselenggarakan pada tahun 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. Kedua liga datang untuk setuju bahwa pemain harus ditugaskan ke tim atas dasar kontrak dan standar yang tinggi harus mengatur permainan; di bawah premis-premis ini, kedua bergabung untuk membentuk National Basketball Association (NBA) pada tahun 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. Seorang saingan American Basketball Association (ABA) diresmikan pada tahun 1967 dan menantang untuk kuliah NBA bakat dan pangsa pasar selama hampir sepuluh tahun. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Pada tahun 1976, liga ini dibubarkan, tetapi empat dari tim tetap sebagai tim NBA. Unification came just in time for major television support. Unifikasi datang tepat pada waktunya untuk dukungan televisi besar. Several women's professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Women's Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Women's World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. Beberapa liga profesional perempuan yang mencoba dan gagal, termasuk Professional Women's Basketball League (WBL) dan Dunia Wanita Basketball Association, sebelum WNBA debutnya pada tahun 1997 dengan dukungan dari NBA.